The earliest description of aspergillosis in wild birds was in a scaup ( Aythya marila) in 1813 and a European jay ( Garrulus glandarius) in 1815. Understanding the etiology, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathology, and impact of fungal diseases in wildlife is important for conceiving preventive strategies, treating associated diseases, and reducing public health risks.Īll birds are susceptible to and a wide range of wild birds have died from aspergillosis. In this review, in addition to aspergillosis and candidiasis, we will also discuss the etiology, transmission, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathology, and impact of some other important mycoses in wildlife such as histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and penicilliosis. Candidiasis is a sporadic mycosis of wild birds and other animal species, but it differs greatly from aspergillosis by being transmitted by ingestion instead of inhalation. Īmongst the mycotic diseases of wildlife, aspergillosis is the major type of mycosis affecting wild animals, especially birds. ![]() Furthermore, techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laser microdissection have provided useful results even in cases of mixed fungal infections. Thus, this technique, in addition to alternative methods (such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and PCR), has been used to determine specific fungal agents present in histopathologic specimens. Additionally, it is also useful for detecting the host’s reaction to the fungus. Advantageously, a histopathologic examination detects fungal agents in invaded tissues and vessels. Universal methods for the laboratory diagnosis of mycotic infections include direct microscopic examination, histopathology, microbial culture, antigen detection, serology, and molecular tests. The early diagnosis of mycoses is very important to be able to institute effective therapy. As these organisms evolve, they may acquire the potential to cause epidemics thus, there is a need to highlight these mycoses in wildlife. In addition, an increase in their prevalence has been reported in the human population probably due to antibiotic resistance. Little attention has been paid to fungal zoonoses originating from wildlife because of the low spread. Viral and bacterial zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife have continued to emerge and spread rapidly, with some of them surpassing epidemic levels to pandemic proportions. From a universal perspective, zoonotic infections have been identified for many centuries, and they account for the majority of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases that have significantly impacted the health status and economy of countries around the globe. Additionally, the appreciable tally of zoonotic mycoses is among the most representative and frequently diagnosed fungal diseases globally. Some zoonotic mycoses of wild animals can cause significant public health problems. ![]() This has caused an atypical total of fungal and fungal-like diseases that have recently caused some of the utmost austere wild animal extinctions ever reported. However, a growing number of the stubborn fungal diseases of animals caused by cosmopolitan and pathogenic fungi have occurred over the last two decenniums. In conclusion, this review will highlight the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, pathogenicity, pathology, and hematological/serum biochemical findings of five important mycoses found in wild animals.Īlthough human and non-human hosts are increasingly becoming prone to infectious spores, fungi have been omitted as a possible cause of diseases. This will have implications for forestalling future epidemics of these potential zoonotic mycotic diseases originating from wildlife. The most important data used in the diagnosis of these wildlife mycoses with a zoonotic potential have been re-emphasized. Several diagnostic techniques such as fungal isolation, gross pathology, histopathology, histochemistry, cytology, immunohistochemistry, radiography, CT, and molecular methods such as PCR or ELISA have been invaluable in the diagnosis of wildlife mycoses. Most of these mycotic diseases in wildlife are zoonotic, and with the emergence and re-emergence of viral and bacterial zoonotic diseases originating from wildlife, which are causing devastating effects on the human population, it is important to pay attention to these wildlife-borne mycotic diseases with zoonotic capabilities. Some of these fungal diseases are capable of virulent infections and are now considered emerging diseases due to the extremely high number of cases diagnosed with fungal infections in the last few decades. In the past few years, there has been a spurred tripling in the figures of fungal diseases leading to one of the most alarming rates of extinction ever reported in wild species.
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